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Deluge (history)
The term Deluge ((ポーランド語:Роtор), (リトアニア語:Tvanas)) denotes a series of mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky (Chmielnicki) Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish theatres of the Russo-Polish and Second Northern Wars. In a stricter sense, the term refers to the Swedish invasion and occupation of the Commonwealth as a theatre of the Second Northern War only (1655–1660); In Poland and Lithuania this period is called the Swedish Deluge ((ポーランド語:Potop szwedzki)), and the term deluge (or ''potop'' in Polish) was popularized by Henryk Sienkiewicz, in his 1886 book ''The Deluge''.
During the wars the Commonwealth lost approximately one third of its population as well as its status as a great power. According to Professor Andrzej Rottermund, manager of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, the destruction of Poland in the deluge was more extensive than the destruction of the country in World War II. As Rottermund claims, Swedish invaders robbed the Commonwealth of its most important riches, and most of the stolen items never returned to Poland.〔("Nikt tak nie ograbił Polski jak Szwedzi" by Michał Chodurski, Polish Radio web page, 12.08.2012 )〕 Warsaw, the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was completely destroyed by the Swedes, and out of a pre-war population of 20,000, only 2,000 remained in the city after the war.〔(Pierwsze zniszczenie Warszawy i jej odbudowa po potopie 1655–1696. Irena Gieysztorowa, "Mówią wieki", nr 11, 1962 )〕 According to the 2012 Polish estimates, financial losses of Poland are estimated at 4 billion zlotys. Swedish invaders completely destroyed 188 cities and towns, 81 castles, and 136 churches in Poland.〔(Potop szwedzki przyniósł Polsce straty o wartości 4 mld złotych, dzieje.pl, Portal historyczny, 29-10-2012 )〕
== Historical background ==
In 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a popular uprising of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants discontented with the rule of Polish and Lithuanian magnates. Although the initial phase of the rebellion ended (after much destruction) at the Battle of Berestechko (1651), it brought into focus the rivalry between Russia and the Commonwealth for hegemony over Ukraine and over the eastern Slavic lands in general. Thus in October 1653 the Russian Zemsky Sobor declared war on the Commonwealth, and in June, 1654, the forces of Tsar Alexis of Russia invaded the eastern half of Poland-Lithuania, starting the Russo-Polish War of 1654-67. In the summer of 1654, the Russians managed to capture most important cities and strongholds of today's Belarus. Smolensk was captured after a siege on October 3, 1654. The Swedish Empire, which technically already was at war with the Commonwealth (a cease fire agreement existed from 1629 that was prolonged 1635 to 1661), invaded (July 1655) and occupied the remaining half of the country.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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